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Puppy Teething, Chewing, and Mouthing
Puppy teething is one source of anxiety for many new puppy parents.
Like humans, dogs have two sets of teeth in their lifetime -- baby teeth and adult teeth. The baby teeth come in early, and your puppy will already have most of these by the time you get her home. These baby teeth are sharp and pointy, and puppies are inclined to use them often -- on your furniture, on your hands, on your clothes -- pretty much everywhere! The sharp teeth can actually be pretty painful on your skin.
It's important to consistently discourage the puppy from biting you. Every time the puppy does that, whimper as though you are in pain. This works well since it simulates the behavior of your puppy's littermates. After the whimper, sternly say something like "No Bite!" As with everything else, consistency works wonders.
Inspect your puppy's mouth periodically. The gums should look healthy and the teeth should be clean. Make sure she is not retaining any baby teeth alongside the permanent ones. Sometimes her baby teeth refuse to fall and can infect the ingrowing adult teeth. If you note anything that does not seem right, see your vet.
For other objects that the puppy is chewing (aside from your fingers or othe bodypart!), use a different term. "Leave It" works well. Make sure you never take something away from the puppy without giving her something else that is okay to chew. That way, she learns which behavior is unacceptable, but also which behavior is fine.
For Golden Retriever puppies, the baby teeth fall out at about 4 months of age, and the second set of teeth -- the adult ones -- come in. This stage can cause significant discomfort to the puppy. She may not show interest in food and may use her mouth to bite or chew ever more than usual. I have found that softening her food with a small amount of water can help. Providing frozen teething toys may also help her discomfort.